The 3-part series will explain how a banker evaluates a borrower’s cash flow, collateral, and guarantees to determine a borrower’s ability to repay a loan. A case study links together the 3 parts.
WHY SHOULD YOU ATTEND?
Extending credit to a prospective borrower means figuring out if the borrower can repay the proposed loan. These three sessions explain why and how lenders evaluate repayment ability by analyzing cash flow, collateral, and guarantees. Is there enough cash flow from the borrower’s business to repay the loan in full, on time, and as agreed? If the borrower cannot repay, can the collateral take to secure the loan be liquidated and generate enough cash to repay the loan? If the borrower cannot repay, do the guarantors have sufficient resources to repay the loan?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Session 1 - Cash flow
- Good credit decisions depend on the logical evaluation of repayment sources
- Purpose—legal, ethical, within policy
- Repayment—cash flow, collateral, guarantees
- Structure—repay in full, on time, as agreed
- Repayment sources
- Sufficient cash flow
- Enough liquidation collateral value
- Satisfactory guarantees
- Cash flow repayment
- Global cash flow and global debt service coverage
- Why EBITDA doesn’t spell cash flow but what does
Session 2 - Collateral
- Bankers like to tie together purpose and use of funds—borrower wants to acquire assets with loan proceeds and we take those assets as collateral
- Types of financing
- Seasonal working capital financing to acquire inventory and carry receivables is a common purpose
- Permanent working capital financing to fund both working capital assets and fixed assets needed to support sales growth
- Fixed assets financing, e.g., equipment, real estate
- Collateral Alternatives
- Assets in existence at the loan’s inception
- Current assets—cash, marketable securities, receivables, inventory
- Non-current assets—fixed assets, intangible assets
- Assets subsequent to the loan’s inception
- Rents, leases, and other pledged cash flows
- Evaluating Collateral Risk
- Liquidity and marketability
- Perishability
- Degree of control
- Loan-to-Value (LTV) and loss given default (LGD)
- Typical LTV ranges for collateralized assets
Session 3 - Guarantees
- Why do bankers expect owners to guarantee
- Piercing corporate veil
- Psychological commitment
- Types of guarantees
- Full—unconditional, joint and several, unlimited as to amount and time
- Limited—conditional, individual, limited as to amount and time
- Evaluating guarantors
- What do guarantors have at the point of default?
- What wealth do guarantors have outside of their investment in borrowers?
- What is the realizable value of guarantors’ assets?
- Personal financial statement net worth adjusted for overvalued assets and understated liabilities
- What are guarantors’ personal income sources?
- Personal cash flow available for global cash flow after adjusting for personal expenses and debts Case study tying together cash flow, collateral, and guarantees
WHO WILL BENEFIT?
- Credit analysts
- Credit department managers
- Credit approvers
- Credit risk managers
- Commercial lenders
- Portfolio analysts
- Relationship managers
- Loan reviewers
Extending credit to a prospective borrower means figuring out if the borrower can repay the proposed loan. These three sessions explain why and how lenders evaluate repayment ability by analyzing cash flow, collateral, and guarantees. Is there enough cash flow from the borrower’s business to repay the loan in full, on time, and as agreed? If the borrower cannot repay, can the collateral take to secure the loan be liquidated and generate enough cash to repay the loan? If the borrower cannot repay, do the guarantors have sufficient resources to repay the loan?
Session 1 - Cash flow
- Good credit decisions depend on the logical evaluation of repayment sources
- Purpose—legal, ethical, within policy
- Repayment—cash flow, collateral, guarantees
- Structure—repay in full, on time, as agreed
- Repayment sources
- Sufficient cash flow
- Enough liquidation collateral value
- Satisfactory guarantees
- Cash flow repayment
- Global cash flow and global debt service coverage
- Why EBITDA doesn’t spell cash flow but what does
Session 2 - Collateral
- Bankers like to tie together purpose and use of funds—borrower wants to acquire assets with loan proceeds and we take those assets as collateral
- Types of financing
- Seasonal working capital financing to acquire inventory and carry receivables is a common purpose
- Permanent working capital financing to fund both working capital assets and fixed assets needed to support sales growth
- Fixed assets financing, e.g., equipment, real estate
- Collateral Alternatives
- Assets in existence at the loan’s inception
- Current assets—cash, marketable securities, receivables, inventory
- Non-current assets—fixed assets, intangible assets
- Assets subsequent to the loan’s inception
- Rents, leases, and other pledged cash flows
- Evaluating Collateral Risk
- Liquidity and marketability
- Perishability
- Degree of control
- Loan-to-Value (LTV) and loss given default (LGD)
- Typical LTV ranges for collateralized assets
Session 3 - Guarantees
- Why do bankers expect owners to guarantee
- Piercing corporate veil
- Psychological commitment
- Types of guarantees
- Full—unconditional, joint and several, unlimited as to amount and time
- Limited—conditional, individual, limited as to amount and time
- Evaluating guarantors
- What do guarantors have at the point of default?
- What wealth do guarantors have outside of their investment in borrowers?
- What is the realizable value of guarantors’ assets?
- Personal financial statement net worth adjusted for overvalued assets and understated liabilities
- What are guarantors’ personal income sources?
- Personal cash flow available for global cash flow after adjusting for personal expenses and debts Case study tying together cash flow, collateral, and guarantees
- Credit analysts
- Credit department managers
- Credit approvers
- Credit risk managers
- Commercial lenders
- Portfolio analysts
- Relationship managers
- Loan reviewers
